Distance vs time. Acoustic and articulatory consequences of reduced vowel duration in Polish

This paper presents acoustic and articulatory (ultrasound) data on vowel reduction in Polish. The analysis focuses the question of whether change formant value unstressed vowels can be explained by duration-driven undershoot alone or there is also evidence for additional stress-specific mechanisms that systematically affect formants. On top expected durational differences between stressed conditions, duration manipulated inducing changes speech rate. observed formants are compared to derived from midsagittal tongue different conditions. results show space reduced size raised vowels. Most spectral duration, but an systematic effect F1-lowering non-high does not follow movement. proposed interpretation Polish behaves largely as predicted model reduction, enhanced low vowels, potentially a stress marking strategy which involves raising fundamental frequency.